tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33312273480205148012024-03-13T08:09:09.115-07:00Clinical Chemistry Blog Notes 22Bjhayshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12912219964771638212noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3331227348020514801.post-17885910760126405712010-09-09T01:19:00.000-07:002010-09-09T01:37:30.930-07:00Toxicology,, Endocrinology,, Drug Testing<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Toxicology</span>- from the word itself, toxic or toxins it means it is a substance that produced by living cells or organisms. toxicology is a branch of medicine that studies the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people. Toxins can be small molecules, peptides, or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes or cellular receptors. Toxins vary greatly in their severity, ranging from usually minor and acute to almost immediately deadly.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Endocrinology</span>- in endocrinology, the first thing that comes on your mind is endocrine, right, its endocrine system, because Endocrinology is the study of endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones, hormones are the messengers in our body. Endocrinology is concerned with the study of the biosynthesis, storage, chemistry, and physiological function of hormones and with the cells of the endocrine glands and tissues that secrete them. The endocrine system consists of several glands, in different parts of the body, that secrete hormones directly into the blood rather than into a duct system. Hormones have many different functions and modes of action; one hormone may have several effects on different target organs, and, conversely, one target organ may be affected by more than one hormone.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Drug Testing</span>- it is the process of identifying or testing if the person is taking any prohibited drugs. A drug test is a technical analysis of a biological specimen - for example urine, hair, blood, sweat, or oral fluid / saliva - to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites. Major uses of drug testing are to detect the presence of performance enhancing steroids in sport or for drugs prohibited by laws, such as cannabis, cocaine and heroin. The screening method for this is immunochromatography and for confirmatory test is the gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>jhayshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12912219964771638212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3331227348020514801.post-52634636160220562492010-08-16T03:50:00.000-07:002010-08-26T05:52:12.925-07:00Catecholamine Test<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CPC%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CPC%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" 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<br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >This 24-hour urine test for VMA and catecholamines is performed primarily to diagnose hypertension secondary to pheochromocytoma. This test is also used to detect the presence of neuroblastomas and rare adrenal tumors.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" > A 24-hour urine test is preferable to a blood test because catecholamine secretion from the tumor may be episodic and could potentially be missed at any one time during the day. The urine provides the laboratory with a specimen that reflects catecholamine production over one whole day. It is best to perform testing when the symptoms of the potential adrenal tumors are significant. At that time, catecholamine production is the greatest and will be more assuredly identified.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" > A pheochromocytoma is an adrenal tumor that frequently secretes abnormally high levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones cause episodic or persistent hypertension by causing peripheral arterial vasoconstriction. Dopamine is the precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Metanephrine and normetanephrine are catabolic products of epinephrine and norepinephrine, respectively. VMA is the product of catabolism of both epinephrine and norpeinephrine. In patients with pheochromocytoma, one or all of these substances will be present in excessive quantities in 24-hour collection of urine.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p> </u1:p></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Sample Collection and Stability</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <u4:worddocument> <u4:view>Normal<u4:zoom>0<u4:trackmoves/> <u4:trackformatting/> <u4:punctuationkerning/> <u4:validateagainstschemas/> 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</u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:lsdexception> </u6:latentstyles> </xml><![endif]--> Urine specimens for assessment of 24-hour output of catecholamines should be collected on ice in a container with 10 mL added HCl. During the period of sample collection, the urine should be refrigerated to minimize degradations of materials. After the collection is made, the pH should be adjusted to somewhere between pH 2 and 5 with 6M HCl. Aliquots can be frozen indefinitely, but repeated thawing and refreezing should be avoided.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p> </u1:p></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Analysis of Urine Cateholamines</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p> </u1:p></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <u7:worddocument> <u7:view>Normal<u7:zoom>0<u7:trackmoves/> <u7:trackformatting/> <u7:punctuationkerning/> <u7:validateagainstschemas/> 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</u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:lsdexception> </u9:latentstyles> </xml><![endif]--> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Urine catecholamines: Fluorometric Assay</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u10:p></u10:p> Epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion in urine can be measured in a variety of ways. These compounds are excreted both in the free and conjugated states. Most clinical work has been done using data on free cateholamines. Inclusion of an initial acid hydrolysis step allows the assay of total epinephrine and norepinephrine using the same methods employed for the quantitation of the free fractions.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p> </u1:p></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Urine Metanephrine: Colorimetric Assay</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" > Total metanephrines can be analyzed by the Pisano Method, which involves extraction followed by colorimetric reaction. This assay does not distinguish between metanephrine and normetanephrine but gives the total of the two components.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p> </u1:p></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u10:p></u10:p><span style="font-weight: bold;">High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Catecholamines</span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" > The high resolution power oh HPLC has been successfully adapted to the quantitative measurement of catchoalamines in a variety of situations. Methods are available for fractionation of both plasma and urine catecholamines in the clinical laboratory. Research applications includes the study of catecholamine levels in various tissues, providing invaluable information about the details of catecholamine metabolism and the changes seen in various pathological condition.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:180%;">
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</style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Normal Findings:</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p> </u1:p></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >VMA</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" > Adult/Elderly: <6.8></p> <span style="font-size:180%;"><u1:p></u1:p></span> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Adolescent: 1-5 mg/24 hr</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Child: 1-3 mg/24 hr</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Infant: <2mg/24></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Newborn: <1mg/24></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Catecholamines</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <u4:worddocument> <u4:view>Normal</u4:View> <u4:zoom>0</u4:Zoom> <u4:trackmoves/> <u4:trackformatting/> <u4:punctuationkerning/> <u4:validateagainstschemas/> <u4:saveifxmlinvalid>false</u4:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <u4:ignoremixedcontent>false</u4:IgnoreMixedContent> 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semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <u6:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <u6:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <u6:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </u6:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Free Catecholamines<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><100></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Epinephrine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Adult/Elderly: 20mcg/ 24 hr
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Child:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >0-1 year: 0-2.5 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >1-2 years: 0-3.5 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >2-4 years: 0-6 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >4-7 years: 0.2-10 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 91.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >7-10 years: 0.5-14 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Norepinephrine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Adult/Elderly: 100mcg/ 24 hr
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Child:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >0-1 year: 0-10 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >1-2 years: 0-17 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >2-4 years: 4-29 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >4-7years: 8-45 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 91.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >7-10 years: 13-65 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Dopamine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Adult/Elderly: 65-400 mcg/ 24 hr <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Child:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >0-1 year: 0-85 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >1-2 years: 10-140 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >2-4 years: 40-260 mcg/24 hr<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Metanephrine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><1.3></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >Normetanephrine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" >15-80 mcg/24 hr or 87-473 nmol/day (SI units)</span></p>
<br />Reference:
<br />Clinical Chemistry: A fundamental Textbook by Donald F. Calbreath, PhD
<br /><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><u1:p> </u1:p></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:180%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> jhayshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12912219964771638212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3331227348020514801.post-42864058960345847462010-07-27T04:23:00.000-07:002010-07-27T04:42:51.130-07:00Are you in favor of drug testing for students before admission in school?<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2695/4333679586_cdd6cf3039.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 500px; height: 279px;" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2695/4333679586_cdd6cf3039.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:180%;"> I don’t think it’s necessary but I’m sure it will be essential, so I am in favor of drug testing for students before admission in school. Because I’m an advocate of illegal drug free community, basically, a school is a community that is to be considered as top most priority when it comes to drug testing. Since it could be use as a school’s protocol to careen out those who would turn out to be positive to the test and at the same time, could easily act upon and help them. The test is important sp as not to allow drug users to enter the school premises, it could serve as a preventive procedure so as not to influence other students, and that not to be emulated by others.<br /><br /><br />Reference:<br /><br /><a href="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2695/4333679586_cdd6cf3039.jpg">http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2695/4333679586_cdd6cf3039.jpg</a><br /></span></div>jhayshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12912219964771638212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3331227348020514801.post-63572067282952948952010-07-06T08:12:00.000-07:002010-07-06T08:31:16.863-07:00Personal Encounter about Toxicology...<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link style="font-family: verdana;" rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CPC%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link 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mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Before I will share my personal encounter about toxicology, I will give you first the meaning of toxicology. Toxicology is a study of scientific discipline involved the composition and mechanism related to the adverse or side effects of different drugs or chemical agents. This chemical agent contains a poisonous substance that produce by living cells or organisms. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Personal Experienced….<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">When I was a child about 3 years old, we have a farm that is being run by my grandfather, as a farmer, my grandfather made used of insecticides for the maintenance of the quality of his crops, one day, while my grandfather was preparing his things to bring on his way to the farm at the garage, I came in and played with the things that my grandfather will about to bring.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">My grandfather was busy then, so he barely didn’t noticed me playing with some of his things, since I was a child then, I don’t know what insecticide is, because of my innocence, what happened was , I put some of the insecticide into my mouth and eat, I even offered it to my grandfather thinking it was really a food. But because of his busyness, he just ignored me, it was only then my mother went to the garage and saw me eating the insecticide, she hurriedly grab the insecticide to me, opened my mouth in an attempt to get rid some of the insecticide inside my mouth, it was also then that they decided to bring me to the hospital.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_drowNhWwjNY/TDNLCL4B5JI/AAAAAAAAAAc/z5gQ7314VPM/s1600/2411315387_9bb92eac2c_o.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 162px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_drowNhWwjNY/TDNLCL4B5JI/AAAAAAAAAAc/z5gQ7314VPM/s200/2411315387_9bb92eac2c_o.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5490814871614383250" border="0" /></a> <span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> <span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/whappen/2411315387/"></a></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Pesticides can be dangerous to consumers.<span style=""> </span>There are concerns that pesticides used to control pests on food crops are dangerous to people who consume those foods. These concerns are one reason for the organic food movement. Many food crops, including fruits and vegetables, contain pesticide residues after being washed or peeled. Chemicals that are no longer used but that are resistant to breakdown for long periods may remain in soil and water and thus in food.</span><b><span style="font-size:10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">These are the adverse effects of the pesticides on human health:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ul style="font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Asthma<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size:10pt;"></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Birth Defects<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size:10pt;"></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Neurological Effects<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size:10pt;"></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Cancer<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size:10pt;"></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Hormone Disruption</span><b><span style="font-size:10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal; font-family: verdana;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal; font-family: verdana;"></p>
<br />References:
<br /><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/whappen/2411315387/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/whappen/2411315387/</a>
<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide</a>
<br /> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> jhayshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12912219964771638212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3331227348020514801.post-91156554280708758172010-06-22T06:50:00.000-07:002010-06-22T07:31:41.226-07:00Diagnostic Test<span style="font-size:180%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.ovulation-calculator.com/files/hcg.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 182px;" src="http://www.ovulation-calculator.com/files/hcg.gif" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" >Pregnancy Test (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin)</span><span style="font-size:180%;"><br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" >Type of test: Blood; urine</span><span style="font-size:180%;"><br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" >All pregnancy tests are based on the detection of HCG, which is secreted by the placental trophoblast after the ovum is fertilized. HCG will appear in the blood and urine of pregnant women as early as 10 days after conception. In the first few weeks of pregnancy, HCG rises markedly, and serum levels are higher than urine levels. After about a month, HCG is about the same in either specimen.</span><span style="font-size:180%;"><br /><br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" >Immunologic test (agglutination inhibition test (AIT) (blood and urine)</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" > Immunologic tests are performed by using commercially prepared antibodies against the HCG molecule. With the development of monoclonal antibodies, immunoassays can identify very small levels of HCG, and pregnancy can be detected 3 to 7 days after conception. Several immunologic tests are now commercially available for testing by the public.</span><span style="font-size:180%;"><br /><br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" >Radioimmunoassay (RIA) (serum)</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" > The RIA is a highly sensitive and reliable blood test for the detection of beta unit of HCG. This study requires a blood sample; however RIA also may be performed with a urine test. This test is so sensitive that pregnancy can be diagnosed before the first missed menstrual period.</span><span style="font-size:180%;"><br /><br /></span></div><ul style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><li><span style=";font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" >Radioreceptor Assay (RRA) (serum)</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" > The RRA for serum HCG is highly sensitive and accurate. The major advantage of this study is its reliable diagnosis of early gestation in patients requesting an early termination of pregnancy and in cases in which infertile couples are anxious to confirm pregnancy.</span><span style="font-size:180%;"><br /><br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" ><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Human Placental Lactogen (Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin)</span></span><span style="font-size:180%;"><br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" >Type of test: Blood</span><span style="font-size:180%;"><br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" > The human placenta produces several hormones that are homologous to hormones of the anterior pituitary. Not surprisingly, hPL demonstrates both lactogenic and growth stimulating activity. Serum levels of hPL rise very early in normal pregnancy and continue to increase until a plateau is reach at about the 35th week after conception. Assays for maternal serum levels of hPL are useful in monitoring placental function. Measurements of hPL also are used in pregnancies complicated by hypertension, proteinuria, edema or possible miscarriage.</span><span style="font-size:180%;"><br /><br /><br /><br />References:<br /><br />http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hcg/test.html<br />http://www.netlib.org/benchmark/hpl/<br />http://www.ovulation-calculator.com/files/hcg.gif<br />Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference by Mosby's<br /></span></div>jhayshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12912219964771638212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3331227348020514801.post-57071556072138138622010-05-24T23:59:00.000-07:002010-06-08T00:53:42.727-07:00<span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:trebuchet ms;font-size:180%;" >PLACENTA</span><br /><br /> The Placenta arises out of trophoblast tissue. It serves as the fetal lungs, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract and as a separate endocrine organ throughout pregnancy. Its growth parallels that of the fetus, growing from a few identifiable cells at the beginning of pregnancy to an organ 15 to 20 cm in diameter and 2 to 3 cm in depth at term. It covers about half the surface area of the internal uterus.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Endocrine Function</span><br /> Aside from serving as the source of oxygen and nutrients for the fetus, the outer layer of the chorionic villi develops into separate, important hormone-producing system.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Human Chorionic Gonadotropin</span><br /> The first hormone produced, hCG, can be found in maternal blood and urine as early as the first missed menstrual period through about the 100th day of pregnancy. Testing for hCG after birth can be used as proof that all of the placental tissue has been delivered. The purpose of hCG is to act as a fail-safe measure to ensure the corpus luteum of the ovary continues to produce progesterone and estrogen. hCG also may play a role in suppressing the maternal immunologic response so that placental tissue is not rejected. Because the structure of hCG is similar to that of leutinizing hormone of the pituitary gland, if the fetus is male, it exerts an affect on the fetal testes to begin testosterone production.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Relaxin</span><br /> In females, their body produces a hormone called relaxin, it is produced by the corpus luteum, which is responsible for the softening of the ligaments in the pelvic area and other joints. This hormone helps the baby to pass through the pelvis during birth. As a result, these joints move more during and just after pregnancy.It rises to a peak within approximately 14 days of ovulation and then declines in the absence of pregnancy resulting in menstruation. During the first trimester of pregnancy levels rise and additional relaxin is produced by the decidua. Relaxin's role in human pregnancy remains under investigation, as in humans its peak is reached during the 14 weeks of the first trimester and at delivery.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Human Placental Lactogen (Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin)</span><br /> hPL is a hormone with both growth-promoting and lactogenic properties. It is produced by the placenta beginning as early as the 6th week of pregnancy, increasing to a peak level at term. It can be assayed in both maternal serum and urine. It also serves the important role of regulating maternal glucose, protein, and fat levels so that adequate amounts of these nutrients are always available to the fetus.<br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">References:<span style="font-style: italic;"></span></span><br />http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1154.asp<br />http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta<br />http://info.med.yale.edu/obgyn/kliman/placenta/articles/Plac%20Hormones.html<br />http://www.birthgreeter.com/images/Placenta_1.jpgjhayshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12912219964771638212noreply@blogger.com0